by
Damien F. Mackey
“In Sodom, they had a bed for weary guests
upon which they might rest. However, when the wayfarer would lie down, they
made sure that he fit the bed perfectly.
A short man was stretched to fit it and a
tall man was cut to size”.
According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Procrustes. Greek mythological
figure”:
Procrustes,
also called Polypemon, Damastes, or Procoptas, in Greek legend, a
robber dwelling somewhere in Attica—in some versions, in the neighbourhood of
Eleusis. His father was said to be Poseidon.
Procrustes had an iron bed (or, according to some accounts, two beds) on which
he compelled his victims to lie. Here, if a victim was shorter than the bed, he
stretched him by hammering or racking the body to fit. Alternatively, if the
victim was longer than the bed, he cut off the legs to make the body fit the
bed’s length. In either event the victim died. Ultimately Procrustes was slain
by his own method by the young Attic hero Theseus,
who as a young man slayed robbers and monsters whom he encountered while
traveling from Trozen to Athens.
The “bed of
Procrustes,” or “Procrustean bed,” has become proverbial for arbitrarily—and
perhaps ruthlessly—forcing someone or something to fit into an unnatural scheme
or pattern.
[End
of quote]
Gavin Ardley has
brilliantly applied this notion of the “Procrustean bed” to his philosophy of science
in his book, Aquinas and Kant. The Foundations of the Modern Sciences (Longmans Green and Co., London, 1950).
See e.g. my:
According to a review of this important book
by Ian Rawlins:
THE author of this book is
greatly perturbed about the ultimate basis of our knowledge of the universe,
and the conflicting character of modern thought in philosophy and physics. And
well he may be. The rise of Neo-Thomism in one form or another is a feature of
our generation. No less marked, however, is the advance of theoretical physics
associated with the names of Poincaré, Eddington, and one or two others of
comparable calibre. Again, as Mr Ardley remarks, St Thomas Aquinas and Kant
seem strange bedfellows indeed, as Aristotle and the Fathers were aforetime.
Observing that the latter pair
were eventually 'reconciled,' he believes that a corresponding state of bliss
for the former couple is only a matter of time. Kant's idea of a physicist was
that of an extremely active person, by no means content to receive laws from
nature, but perpetually engaged in the task of formulating laws of his own
which he 'fastened' upon nature, and to which she was obliged to conform. All
that is said about the Procrustean bed and the chopper is most apt, and indeed
on this view, deserved. Nevertheless, according to Mr Ardley, it is a grave
error to imagine that this coercive technique is intrinsically necessary; it is
merely a device to secure power for mankind. ….
But did the legend of the Attican Procrustes have its origins in Greece?
For there are rabbinic legends that would have the
infamous “bed” in Sodom.
I personally have wondered if the
famous “bed” may actually have originated from the unhospitable king Og of
Bashan, a giant, who would not allow the Israelites to pass through. Moses
tells the tale of Israel’s defeat of Og, concluding with mention of his massive
bed (Deuteronomy 3:1-11):
‘Next we turned and went up along the road toward Bashan, and Og
king of Bashan with his whole army marched out to meet us in battle at Edrei.
The Lord said to me,
“Do not be afraid of him, for I have delivered him into your hands, along with
his whole army and his land. Do to him what you did to Sihon king of the
Amorites, who reigned in Heshbon.”
So the Lord our God also gave into our hands Og king of Bashan and all his
army. We struck them down, leaving no survivors. At that time we took all his cities. There was
not one of the sixty cities that we did not take from them—the whole region of
Argob, Og’s kingdom in Bashan. All these cities were fortified with high walls and with gates
and bars, and there were also a great many unwalled villages. We completely destroyed them, as we had done
with Sihon king of Heshbon, destroying every city—men, women and children.
But all the livestock
and the plunder from their cities we carried off for ourselves.
So at that time we took from these two
kings of the Amorites the territory east of the Jordan, from the Arnon Gorge as
far as Mount Hermon. (Hermon
is called Sirion by the Sidonians; the Amorites call it Senir.) We took all the towns on the plateau, and all
Gilead, and all Bashan as far as Salekah and Edrei, towns of Og’s kingdom in
Bashan. (Og king of Bashan
was the last of the Rephaites. His bed was decorated with iron and was more
than nine cubits long and four cubits wide. It is still in Rabbah of the
Ammonites.)’.
In the case of
Sodom, lack of hospitality (or concern for the poor) seems to be a key element amidst
her other sins. E.g. Ezekiel 16:49: “Now this was the sin of your sister Sodom:
She and her daughters were arrogant, overfed and unconcerned; they did not help
the poor and needy”.
Turning to “rabbinic
legends”, we learn of a supposed “bed” in Sodom of similar purpose to that of
Procrustes’ bed in Attica: http://www.jewishmosaic.org/torah/show_torah/48
….
Rabbinic legends about Sodom
describe an area of unusual natural resources, precious stones, silver and
gold. Every path in Sodom, say the sages, was lined with seven rows of fruit
trees. Eager to keep their great wealth for themselves, and suspicious of
outsiders’ desires to share in it, the residents of Sodom agreed to overturn
the ancient law of hospitality to wayfarers. The legislation later prohibited
giving charity to anyone. One legend claims that when a beggar would wander
into Sodom, the people would mark their names on their coins and give him a dinar.
However, no one would sell him bread. When he perished of hunger, everyone
would come and claim his coin. There was once a maiden who secretly carried
bread out to a poor person in the street in her water pitcher. After three days
passed and the man didn’t die, the maiden was discovered. They covered the girl
with honey and put her atop the city walls, leaving her there until bees came
and ate her. Hers was the cry that came up to God, the cry that inaugurated the
angelic visit and its consequences.
Another famous rabbinic tale
mirrors the Greek myth of Procrustes. Both the Jewish and Greek stories are
about beds that invert the ethic of hospitality. In Sodom, they had a bed for
weary guests upon which they might rest. However, when the wayfarer would lie
down, they made sure that he fit the bed perfectly. A short man was stretched
to fit it and a tall man was cut to size. The Midrash tells us that Eliezer,
Abraham’s loyal servant, was once offered to lie upon it but he declined,
claiming that since his mother died he pledged not to have a pleasant night’s
sleep on a comfortable bed. In the Greek myth, Procrustes (meaning “he who
stretches”) kept a house by the side of the road for passing strangers. He
offered them a warm meal and a bed that always fit whomever lay upon it. Once
laying upon it, he would likewise cut off the legs of those too long or stretch
those too short. Theseus, the hero of the Greek tale, turns the tables on
Procrustes and fatally adjusts him to his own bed.
The people of Sodom are not
only protective of their wealth and punishing of acts of charity; they are also
desperate to force everyone to fit a single measure. They have a well-to-do
gated community that makes sure no beggars disturb their luxury and peace. They
have zoned out poverty. But what makes Sodom the “right” kind of neighborhood
is that no difference is tolerated. “Our kind” of folk are welcomed and
protected, while all the rest are excluded or eliminated. It can hardly be
incidental that the locus of this one-size-fits-all violence is a bed that
serves as a guillotine and a rack. The place of sleep, comfort, and sexual
pleasure in Sodom has been transformed into a place of threat and malice, a
device of torture for strangers.
Eliezer saves himself from
being amputated or stretched by the mourning of his mother. Mourning the dead
is a particularly selfless expression of relationship and love. The people of
Sodom treat all who are not inside the walls as being as good as dead; Eliezer
treats the dead with an honor and presence that makes their memory a living
reality. Sodom is a place where compassion is punished brutally, as the story
of the young maiden suggests. Eliezer is saved from Sodom’s evil not by his
sword or cunning, as is Theseus in the Greek myth, but by his own loving beyond
all boundaries or benefit-by a loving which, like a mother’s love, has no
reasons.
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